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我公司研发的直流隔离开关在双电源纯电动公交


近年(nian)来,随着大中(zhong)城市内汽车(che)的(de)(de)大量普(pu)及(ji),尾气(qi)(qi)排(pai)放占废气(qi)(qi)排(pai)放比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)越(yue)来越(yue)高,造(zao)成(cheng)城市严重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)环境问题和交(jiao)通堵塞。其中(zhong),城市空气(qi)(qi)污(wu)染尤为严重(zhong)(zhong),雾霾几乎席卷了(le)竟赚大半(ban)个中(zhong)国(guo),全国(guo)多个大中(zhong)城市重(zhong)(zhong)度“沦陷”。在当前严峻的(de)(de)环保形势(shi)下(xia),国(guo)家(jia)大力推行新能源汽车(che)的(de)(de)发(fa)展,以缓解日益严重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)大气(qi碘云)(qi)污(wu)染问题。

考(kao)虑到(dao)纯电(dian)(dian)驱(qu)(qu)动(dong)作为(wei)(wei)新能(neng)源汽车(che)(che)发展的(de)主要战略取向,纯电(dian)(dian)驱(qu)(qu)动(dong)车(che)(che)辆已经在公(gong)交(ji夜赵ao)(jiao)(jiao)、出租、公(gong)务(wu)、环(huan)卫和邮政等公(gong)共(gong)(gong)服务(wu)领(ling)域得到(dao)了(le)广泛(fan)运(yun)(yun)用。作为(wei)(wei)一(yi)种“零排放”纯电(dian)(dian)驱(qu)(qu)车(che)(che)辆,双(shuang)源纯电(dian)(dian)动(dong)公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在新能(neng)源公(gong)共(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)中扮演着越(yue)来(lai)越(yue)重要的(de)作用。以北京公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)集(ji)团(tuan)为(wei)(wei)例,当前运(yun)(yun)营的(de)双(shuang)源纯电(dian)(dian)动(dong)公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)超(chao)过1200辆,供(gong)电(dian)(dian)线网200公(gong)里以上,公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)线路24条。其中,快(kuai)速(su)公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)BRT1、BRT2和BRT3线路已经全(quan)部实(shi)现电(dian)(dian)动(dong)化,并采用18m长(zhang)(zhang)双(shuang)源纯电(dian)(dian)动(dong)公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)运(yun)(yun)营;上海(hai)于2017年初囚霸在延安路开通(tong)了(le)中运(yun)(yun)量71路无(wu)轨电(dian)(dian)车(che)(che),同样采用了(le)18m长(zhang)(zhang)电(dian)(dian)车(che)(che)运(yun)(yun)营,有效缓解了(le)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)的(de)运(yun)(yun)营压力。

为双源纯(chun)(chun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)公交(jiao)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)动(dong)(dong)(dong)力的主要是(shi)道(dao)路上(shang)方架设的供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)线(xian)网,供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)站将交(jiao)流(liu)10KV电(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)转换为直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng),通过馈线(xian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆传输到馈电(dian)(dian)(dian)隔(ge)离(li)开(kai)关,由隔(ge)离(li)开(kai)关将电(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)输送到供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)线(xian)网。供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)线(xian)网可为双源纯(chun)(chun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)公交(jiao)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)直接(jie)驱动(dong)(dong)(dong)车辆行驶(shi)的电(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng),也能(neng)够为车载储能(neng)设备提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)持续(xu)稳定的充电(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。因此,由供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)站、馈线(xian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆、馈电(dian)(dian)(di捂臣an)隔(ge)离(li)开(kai)关和供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)线(xian)网构成了双源纯(chun)(chun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)公交(jiao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)系统的关键要素。

图1 双源纯电动公交供电系统示意

双源纯(chun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动公交供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)统(tong)不(bu)仅(jin)要为(wei)车辆(liang)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)动力负荷和充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)负荷,还要给车辆(liang)上(shang)装设(she)的空调(暖气(qi))、气(qi)泵等设(she)备(bei)(bei)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能,在电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)车数(s牺否hu)量的持(chi)续增加(jia)下,供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)统(tong)的负荷压力大幅度上(shang)升(sheng),容易导致电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)设(she)备(bei)(bei)、地(di)下电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)接(jie)头出(chu)现(xian)过(guo)热(re),绝缘老化等问题,在维修和保养时无法给线网提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。同时,城市中存在的地(di)下施工作业也容易导致供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)被截断、损(sun)坏接(jie)地(di)等问题,同样对车俩的正(zheng)常供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)早成不(bu)利影响。当出(chu)现(xian)上(shang)述问题时,需(xu)要断开馈电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)隔离开关(guan),将对应(ying)线网和电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)进(jin)行隔离,然后使用相邻(lin)线网进(jin)行联(lian)络应(ying)急(ji)供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),保证该(gai)线网为(wei)车辆(liang)正(zheng)常供(gong)(gong)(go乞奕ng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

供电线网作为双源纯电动公交的动力来源,其电压分布也会影响车辆电机的正常工作。当长距离供电线网下出现车辆密集行驶时,其线网末端电压普遍偏低。一般来说,对于标称电压为600V的供电系统,车辆正常行驶的最小驱动电压在400V左右,750V供电系统则需要500V。同时,线网还作为电车的充电网络,其电压的波动情况也会影响车载储能装置的正常充电,以750V供电系统为例,车载锂电池至少需要600V电压才能正常充电。因此,对线网电压特别是末端电压的测量监视尤为重要,当发现供电电压偏低时,可进行末端均压等操作,以提高线网末端供电电压。

图2 双源纯电动公交在线网下行驶

但是,当(dang)前供(gong)电(dian)(dian)线网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)管理如隔离、联(lian)络以及(ji)末端(duan)电(dian)(dian)压测量(liang)等(deng)操(cao)作依然(ran)停留在(zai)现场(chang)人工方式。由于(yu)馈电(dian)(dian)隔离开关设置在(zai)供(gong)电(dian)(dian)线网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)附近,联(lian)络应(ying)急(ji)供(gong)电(dian)(dian)和末端(duan)电(dian)(dian)压测量(liang)也(ye)必须到线网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)末端(duan)完成,操(cao)作人员必须迅速赶到现场(chang)进行操(cao)作,以尽快(kuai)对线网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)进行隔离并恢(hui)(hui)复供(gong)电(dian)(dian)。对于(yu)一个(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)而言,供(gong)电(dian)(dian)线网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)范围较(jiao)广,人员和架线车(che)(che)(che)辆到达(da)(da)现场(chang)的(de)(de)(de)时间(jian)较(jiao)长(zhang)(zhang),当(dang)遇(yu)到城(cheng)市(shi)早寸癌晚(wan)高峰时,恢(hui)(hui)复供(gong)电(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)时间(jian)更(geng)长(zhang)(zhang)。以北京(jing)为例,高峰期人员和车(che)(che)(che)辆到达(da)(da)现场(chang)的(de)(de)(de)时间(jian)有时超(chao)过(guo)2个(ge)小时,严重影(ying)响了车(che)(che)(che)辆的(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)行驶供(gong)电(dian)(dian)和充电(dian)(dian)。

事实上,双(shuang)源(yuan)纯(chun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)动公交供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)系统(tong)的(de)供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)站已(yi)经完(wan)成了(le)技术革新,智(zhi)能(neng)化的(de)箱式电(dian)(dian)(dian)站、远程(cheng)后台系统(tong)、全新的(de)故障检测(ce)技术和信息交互技术已(yi)经让供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)站实现(xian)了(le)无(wu)人(ren)值守。智(zhi)能(neng)化的(de)箱式和房(fang)式电(dian)(dian)(dian)站已(yi)经实现(xian)了(le)各类电(愈饥dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)与非电(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)数(shu)字(zi)化远程(cheng)监测(ce),故障自(zi)动识别,供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)动恢复,设备可远程(cheng)操(cao)作等(deng),在(zai)保证(zheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)站安全的(de)前提(ti)下(xia),极大地(di)提(ti)高了(le)电(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)工(gong)作效率。相比(bi)之下(xia),供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)线(xian)网(wang)的(de)管(guan)理还停留(liu)在(zai)上世纪90年代的(de)技术,主要依靠人(ren)工(gong)到现(xian)场完(wan)成各类操(cao)作,不仅操(cao)作效率较(jiao)低,而(er)且(qie)导致(zhi)线(xian)网(wang)在(zai)较(jiao)长时间内无(wu)法正常供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)。

图4 北京公交现场运行的箱式供电站

 

图5 北京公交远程后台系统

为(wei)了减小线(xian)网停(ting)电(dian)时(shi)间(jian),提高隔离开(kai)关(guan)的(de)(de)操作效(xiao)率(lv),利(li)用通信(xin)手段实(shi)现隔离开(kai)关(guan)的(de)(de)远(yuan)程操作和线(xian)网电(dian)压数(shu)值的(de)(de)远(yuan)程实(shi)时(shi)监测是(shi)最为(wei)便捷可行的(de)(de)方式。由于(yu)(yu)供电(dian)线(xian)网广(guang)(guang)泛(fan)(fan)分散在城市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)街道,采用有线(xian)通信(xin)方式必然会导致重新铺(pu)设通信(xin)电(dian)缆,对(dui)各个城市(shi)(shi)而(er)言(yan)很难做到(dao)。面对(dui)这个难题,可借助当前迅(xun)猛发展的(de)(de)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)无线(xian)通信(xin)的(de)(de)物(wu)联网技(ji)术。物(wu)联网,英文名称IoT(Internet of things),简单地说就是(shi)“物(wu)物(wu)相连的(de)(de)互(hu)联网”,物(wu)联网通过智能感知、识别技(ji)术与普适计算等通信(xin)感知技(ji)术,广(guang)(guang)泛(fan)喇潘(fan)应(ying)用于(yu)(yu)网络的(de)(de)融(rong)合中。物(wu)联网的(de)(de)技(ji)术方向(xiang)很多,如3G/4G,GPRS,NB-IoT,Lora,Sigfox等。考(kao)虑到(dao)供电(dian)线(xian)网在城市(shi)(shi)中的(de)(de)覆盖(gai)面很广(guang)(guang),而(er)且(qie)(qie)开(kai)关(guan)操作和电(dian)压测量(liang)的(de)(de)数(shu)据(ju)交互(hu)量(liang)不大(da),可选择覆盖(gai)面较广(guang)(guang)且(qie)(qie)应(ying)用成熟的(de)(de)GPRS技(ji)术。

对于(yu)隔(ge)离(li)开关(guan)的远程操(cao)作(zuo)以及末端(duan)电(dian)压的测量,无(wu)轨电(dian)车相关(guan)行(xing)业标准《CJT_1-1趋肖999城市无(wu)轨电(dian)车和有轨电(dian)车供电(dian)系统》已经提到(dao):

8.3.2馈线、触(chu)线网远动(dong)装(zhuang)置

a. 低压区触线网末端电压的(de)监测

b. 馈电(dian)箱刀开关的远(yuan)控(kong)操作

从标(biao)准描述的内容(rong)来看,隔离(li)开关的操作(zuo)和末端(duan)电压的监测完全可以由远程后台(tai)完成,这也解(吆豹jie)决(jue)了(le)城市(shi)中广泛分布的供(gong)电线网(wang)电气(qi)管理(li)问题,为(wei)双(shuang)源纯电动公交供(gong)电系脚哟统的智能化奠定了(le)基础。

 

图6 新一代隔离开关和远程后台通信

这种基于物联网(wang)技术(shu)孙晕的新一代隔(ge)离(li)开关应(ying)具有如下功能特点: 

        >>借助运营商成(cheng叮够)熟(shu)的网络与(yu)远程后台进行连接(jie),在几十秒内即可(ke)完成(cheng)开关(guan)状(zhuang)态(tai),开关(guan)两侧电压,开关(guan)箱内温度等数据更(gen协是g)新,可(ke)由(you)后台下发指令对(dui)开关(guan)进行分合操作。

        >>可支持现场(chang)WIFI连接,考虑到(dao)隔离开关(guan)经常安装在(zai)人员不(bu)易(yi)操作的(de)位(wei)置,通(tong)过WIFI进行数据交互可大(da)大(da)减轻(qing)现垮倦场(c挂情hang)操作与维护的(de)工(gong)作量。

        >>隔(ge)离(li)开(kai)关操作时敷矫能自动实现电压互谊辑锁,防止开(kai)关带(dai)电压和负(fu)荷操作。

仪社        >>具备全面的诊(zhen)断(duan)功能(neng),如:开(kai)关状态诊(zhen)断(duan),储能(neng)设备工作(zuo)参数诊(zhen)断(duan),环境温度诊(zhen)断(dua腕憎n)等。

 

图7 现场运行的馈电隔离开关和联络隔离开关

新一(yi)代隔(ge)离开(kai)关(guan)能够针对双源纯电(dian)动公(gong)堕油交(jiao)供(gong)电(dian)系统(tong咙嫌)的工作要求完(wan)成多种(zhong)应(ying)用(yong)。通过了解线(xian)(xian)网的电(dian)压分布情况,特别(bie)是在早晚高(gao)峰车辆拥堵(du)密集的时候,可以评(ping)估(gu)接触网能否(fou)为(wei)车辆行驶提(ti)供(gong)足(zu)够的动力和充电(dian)电(dian)压。后台系统(tong)还可以对所(suo)采集的电(dian)压数(shu)据进行分析,为(wei)线(xian)(xian)网的布局(ju)和配置提(ti)供(gong)大数(shu)据依据。

 

图8 供电线网电压分布测量

当这种隔离开(kai)关和供电(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)结合(he)起来时,即可高效率地完成针对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)地下电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)的(de)绝(jue)缘检测。通(tong)过(guo)后(hou)台系(xi)统闭(bi)合(he注竿)供电(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)内某条直流(liu)馈线的(de)断(duan)路(lu)器(qi),并(bing)断(duan)开(kai)其(qi)余直流(liu)馈线回路(lu),然后(hou)将(jiang)该(gai)(gai)直流(liu)馈线对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)应的(de)隔离开(kai)关断(duan)开(kai),再(zai)通(tong)过(guo)供电(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)内的(de)绝(jue)缘检测设(she)备即可评估该(gai)(gai)馈线电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)地的(de)绝(jue)缘泄漏(lou)情况,由于(yu)后(hou)台系(xi)统对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)隔离开(kai)关操作的(de)高效性,可以定期对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)所有(you)直流(liu)馈线电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)进行绝(jue)缘泄漏(lou)评估,并(bing)记录相(xiang)关数据,通(tong)过(guo)对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)比了解(jie)馈线电(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)对(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)地泄漏(lou)的(de)变(bian)化。

 

图9 电缆绝缘检测原理

双源(yuan)纯电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)公交车辆(liang)的(de)动(dong)力(li)技术(shu)、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池技术(shu)以及集电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)杆取(qu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式近年(nian)来都发(fa)生了日新(xin)月异的(de)变化。同时(shi),北京、济(ji)南(nan)、青岛等多个城市的(de)双源(yuan)纯电(dian)(dian)(dian)(译隘dian)(dian)动(dong)公交的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站已经完(wan)成了全面的(de)自动(dong)化和无人(ren)值守,在大幅度提(ti)高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站工(gong)作效率(lv)和各(ge)类判断的(de)准确率(lv)时(shi),还显(xian)著降低了人(ren)力(li)成本。供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)线(xian)(xian)网(wang)作为(wei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系统服务车辆(liang)的(de)“最后一(yi)公里”,其供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)质量与持续供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)间等数据已经成为(wei)影响车辆(liang)正常运作的(de)关键要(yao)素。借助(zhu)当前高速发(fa)展的(de)物联网(wang)技术(shu),新(xin)一(yi)代隔离开关能够显(xian)著提(ti)高供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)线(xian)(xian)网(wang)的(de)工(gong)作效率(lv),并为(wei)整个供(gong)(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系统的(de)智能化打下(xia)坚实基(ji)础。

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